水生態20年：從污染防治到三水統籌_貴州軟化水設備|貴陽反滲透設備|貴陽水處理設備-貴州全務環?？萍加邢薰?/title> <meta name="keywords" content="水,生態,20年,從,污染防治,到,三水,統籌,、," /> <meta name="description" content="1、新時代水生態內涵中國水污染防治工作起源于20世紀70年代官廳水庫的治理，但大規模、系統性地治水是在1996年《水污染防治法》頒布之后，主要以水環境質量改善為核心。 2021年，" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/public/css/index.css"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/public/js/jquery-1.7.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/public/js/jquery.SuperSlide.2.1.1.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" /> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" /> </head> <body> <div style="position:fixed;left:-9000px;top:-9000px;"><u id="owg0a"></u><dd id="owg0a"></dd><rt id="owg0a"></rt><tr id="owg0a"></tr><table id="owg0a"></table><option id="owg0a"><tt id="owg0a"><optgroup id="owg0a"></optgroup></tt></option><noscript id="owg0a"></noscript><s id="owg0a"></s><label id="owg0a"></label><samp id="owg0a"><blockquote id="owg0a"><input 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</div> </div> <div id="conts" class="floatR"> <div class="info"> <div class="infoTitle"><p>行業資訊<span>/ </span></p></div> <div class="dsite">您現在的位置：<a href='http://www.774087.com/'>首頁</a> > <a href='http://www.774087.com/cnews/'>新聞中心</a> > <a href='http://www.774087.com/cnews/hangyezixun/'>行業資訊</a> > </div> <div class="infonn"> <div class="titlep"><h1>水生態20年：從污染防治到三水統籌</h1></div> <div class="time"><p>發布時間：2023-04-13 來源：貴州全務環?？萍加邢薰?/p></div> <div class="infop"><div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">1、新時代水生態內涵</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">中國水污染防治工作起源于20世紀70年代官廳水庫的治理，但大規模、系統性地治水是在1996年《水污染防治法》頒布之后，主要以水環境質量改善為核心。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">2021年，《重點流域水生態環境保護“十四五”規劃》創新性提出以水環境、水資源、水生態“三水”統籌的水生態環境保護框架思路，從水量、水質、生物生態角度分析問題，實現對水域生態系統的整體保護和系統修復。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">在中共中央《關于制定國民經濟和社會發展第十四個五年規劃和二〇三五年遠景目標的建議》中，明確提出“到2035年，人均國內生產總值達到中等發達國家水平；生態環境根本好轉，美麗中國目標基本實現。”</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">從這個角度分析，水生態環境根本好轉至少包含3方面內涵：</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">一是從國際看，水生態環境質量要與經濟社會發展水平大致相當，達到或優于中等發達國家水平。不光光是水質，還包括“三水”中的水資源、水生態。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">二是從國內看，老百姓獲得感、幸福感、安全感明顯增強，能夠滿足人民群眾對高品質水生態環境的需求。全國普遍呈現美麗河湖景象，不同地區河湖“各美其美”。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">三是從問題導向看，影響水生態環境改善的城鄉面源污染防治、以藍藻水華為代表的水生態保護修復等制約性問題得到有效解決。污水直排亂排偷排問題解決，黑臭水體全面消除。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">從“三水”角度闡述美麗中國的“美麗”內涵，一是水質好，消除水污染；二是流量足，表現為水體流動、安全流場；三是生態美，表現為生物物種豐富、水生態安全格局穩定、水生態系統功能健全；四是群眾喜，變現為人與自然和諧共生，老百姓參與度、滿意度高。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">也即生態環境部所提：有河有水、有魚有草、人水和諧。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">2、水生態發展脈絡</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">從大的層面來說，水生態環境保護工作可分為兩個發展階段：污染防治→三水統籌。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">從不同的歷史時期來看：</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">“九五”“十五”以點源控制為主，遏制水污染惡化趨勢；</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">“十一五”提出責任“五到省”要求，實行水環境保護目標責任制；</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">“十二五”以分區防控——污染減排——風險防范為主線；</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">“十三五”堅持污染減排與生態擴容并重，“水十條”、碧水保衛戰等持續推進我國水環境質量大幅改善；</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">“十四五”治水目標：有河有水、有魚有草、人水和諧</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">3、三水統籌，水生態任重道遠</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">截至2020年底，全國295個地級及以上城市共有黑臭水體2914個，消除數量2863個，消除比例98.2%；全國開展營養狀態監測的110個重要湖庫中，輕度、中度、重度富營養狀態分別為23.6%、4.5%和0.9%。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">“保好水、治差水”取得明顯成效，但也應清醒地認識到：我國水生態環境保護面臨的結構性、根源性、趨勢性壓力尚未根本緩解，與美麗中國建設目標要求仍有不小差距。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">2020年，全國地表水“十四五”國控斷面仍存在1.9%的劣V類水質，城鄉面源污染防治瓶頸問題亟待突破，城鎮污水收集率僅為60%左右，老城區、城中村等管網質量不高，污水廠進水污染物濃度偏低，汛期污水直排現象仍然普遍存在。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">我國七大流域生物多樣性多年來持續下降，水生態系統結構和功能退化。2017年，中國瀕危魚類134種，受威脅兩棲動物176種，占總數的43.1%；根據《中國環境狀況公報》，重要湖庫藍藻水華暴發風險仍未得到有效控制，2020年富營養湖庫由2016年的23.1%上升為29.0%。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">“三水”統籌的系統治理格局尚未形成，水生態環境保護目標和任務尚未協調統一，破除部門藩籬、建立協同協作管理機制仍需努力。人民群眾對環境問題的舉報投訴仍然高位運行，水生態保護修復剛剛起步，監測預警能力有待加強，相應法規仍需進一步完善。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">4、與國外比，水生態差距最大</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">2035年美麗中國目標為水生態環境保護提供了方向指引與重大機遇。拿“三水”去對標國際，我們還有很多工作要做。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">①水環境：與發達國家基本相當</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">按照DO、BOD、TP三項理化指標評價，2019年我國I~III類水比例為85.6%，美國、德國、英國、法國、歐洲平均分別為85.7%、90.1%、88.3%、92.5%、80.6%。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">從1970—2019年各國水環境質量變化趨勢看，我國近10年的水質改善速度遠超歐美發達國家水平，從某種程度上我國用10多年的時間，水質理化指標基本實現了與發達國家相當。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">②水資源：與發達國家尚有差距</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">水生態系統的水資源保障主要以生態流量指標進行衡量。生態流量是指維系水生態系統結構和功能完整性、系統性、穩定性，保障人類生存與可持續發展的合理需求，需要保留在河流、湖泊內的流量。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">美國、澳大利亞等國家在2000年前后就從珍惜瀕危魚類、鳥類、濕地等生態保護目標方面，考慮水資源優化配置和生態流量需求，如美國薩瓦納河21世紀初制定《生態流量實施方案》，確定了生態流量的量級、季節性、頻率、持續時間等管理要求。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">我國剛處于起步階段，水利部門在2014年頒布實施了《河湖生態需水計算規范》和2020年《關于做好河湖生態流量確定和保障工作的指導意見》，但實施效果尚需時間檢驗。據水利部門對七大流域180個斷面進行評估，其中生態流量“不滿足”要求的斷面有64個，占36%。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">③水生態：與發達國家差距較大</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">美國、歐盟從20世紀80年代就開始強調水生態保護修復并先后開展了監測評價工作，相關管理法規也日趨完善。如歐盟2000年頒布了《歐盟水框架指令》，以恢復水生態系統的結構和功能為核心目標，并以6年為一個周期，對生物指標、水文指標、理化指標等進行監測評估。美國《清潔水法》要求進行生物狀況評價。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">總體上，我國水生態保護工作還在起步階段，有關水生態的監測及評價體系還有待完善。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">5、未來15年，三水統籌的建議</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">基于美麗中國“生態環境根本好轉”和“美麗”內涵分析，站在2035年前的15年尺度上，提出我國未來“三水”統籌的水生態環境保護戰略框架建議：</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">①突出水生態保護的目標指引</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">河湖水生態問題是一個歷史性、持續性問題，在水環境質量取得積極成效的基礎上，要積極推進水生態保護修復工作。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">水生態保護應以各流域水生態系統結構和功能恢復為目標，以重要生境、生物資源保護與恢復為抓手，針對不同流域水生態系統面臨的問題及癥結，全面改善河湖水生態狀況。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">在具體實踐中，應按照水生態健康要求，涵蓋水質、水量和水生態三方面指標，引導推進從理化指標表征的水質改善向“三水”統籌的水生態健康恢復轉變，研究制定與水深該系統保護目標相協調一致的水環境治理、水資源保障和水生態保護修復方案。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">②明確流域水環境管控的空間基礎</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">河湖岸線、水功能區、水源涵養區、生態緩沖帶等是水生態空間的具體體現，“十二五”以來建立的流域—控制區—控制單元的分區管理體系，為各類水生態空間的整合提供了空間基礎。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">宏觀層面，鼓勵將國家控制單元繼續劃分更小的控制單元，對3646個國控斷面的水生態環境保護責任落實到各級行政區，加強省控、市控、縣控斷面的管控，逐步推進水質、水量和水生態的同步監測。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">微觀方面，深化排污口設置和監督管理改革，將入河排污口管理作為打通水陸的重要環節，追蹤溯源落實企事業單位治污責任。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">總體上在宏觀和微觀兩個層面，著力解決“問題在水里，根子既在岸上也在水里”的管理瓶頸問題。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">③深化“三水”統籌兼顧的系統治理</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">“三水”統籌是全面改善水生態環境的根本路徑。堅持“山水林田湖草生命共同體”理念，堅持污染減排與生態擴容兩手發力，構建水環境、水資源、水生態統籌兼顧、多措并舉、協調推進的格局，力爭到2035年“清水綠岸、魚翔淺底”美麗河湖景象普遍呈現。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">④完善治理能力現代化的政策制度</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">建議未來進一步健全多元共治的政策制度保障機制。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">一是健全黨委領導、政府主導、企業主體、社會組織和公眾參與的環境治理體系，構建一體謀劃、一體部署、一體推進、一體考核的制度機制。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">二是精準、科學制定差別化管控要求，合理設置過渡期，引導重點行業、重點區域綠色發展；強化綜合治理、系統治理、源頭治理，推動陸域海域污染協同治理。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">三是健全財政資金投入機制，健全流域橫向生態補償、綠色農業補貼等政策。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">四是加強藍藻水華、城鄉面源污染防治、生態流量管理等重難點問題的科學研究。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">五是統籌水環境、水資源、水生態、氣象、航運等相關監測資源，健全相關部門之間的數據共享機制，建立水生態環境大數據平臺。</span></span></div> <div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family:宋體;"><span style="font-size:16px;">六是構建全民行動格局，推動美麗河湖保護與建設。</span></span></div> </div> <div class="relatv"> <p 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